SG2550F AH AHR AHD Saddle Moving Surface Grinding Machine
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SG2550F AH AHR AHD Saddle Moving Surface Grinder
  • SG2550F AH AHR AHD Saddle Moving Surface Grinder

SG2550F AH AHR AHD Saddle Moving Surface Grinder

Fortune Pacific SG2550F-AH-AHR-AHD saddle-type surface grinder: Heavy-duty industrial metal grinding, 500x250mm capacity, auto cross/down feeds, precision spindle. Rigid design for high-accuracy finishing. Hydraulic table movement. Ideal for toolrooms.
  • SG2550F AH AHR AHD Saddle Moving Surface Grinding MachineDownload
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SG2550F AH AHR AHD Saddle Moving Surface Grinding Machine Technical parameters

Main parameters Unit SG2550F
Type   AH AHR AHD
Table size mm 254x508 254x508 254x508
Magnetic chuck size mm 250x500 250x500 250x500
Distance from spindle center to table surface mm 450 450 450
Table cross travel mm 275 275 275
Table longitudinal travel mm 560 560 560
Max load of table (including magnetic chuck)  kg 180 180 180
Speed of table longitudinal move mm/min 5-25 5-25 5-25
Cross motion intermittent feed rate mm/t 0.1-8 0.1-8 0.1-8
Rapid feed mm/min 990 990 990
Feed of handwheel mm/div 0.02 0.02 0.02
Vertical motion auto down feed rate mm/t - - 0.005-0.5
Rapid down speed mm/min - 650 480
Feed of handwheel mm/div 0.005 0.005 0.005
Spindle rotating speed r/min 2850 (50Hz);
3450 (60Hz)
2850 (50Hz);
3450 (60Hz)
2850 (50Hz);
3450 (60Hz)
Grinding wheel size mm 200x20x31.75 200x20x31.75 200x20x31.75
Spindle motor kW 2.2 2.2 2.2
Floor space (L x W x H) mm 2300x1600x1675 2300x1600x1675 2300x1600x1675
Gross weight kg 1800 1800 1800
Packing size (L x W x H) mm 2000x2100x2150 2000x2100x2150 2000x2100x2150
 
Saddle Moving Surface Grinding Machine Equipments
1. Grinding wheel;
2. Grinding wheel flange;

3. Coolant tank;
4. Balancing arbor;
5. Electrical magnetic chuck;
6. Wheel extractor
;
7. Leveling wedge and bolt;
8. Wheel dresser stand;

9. Build in magnetic chuck controller;
10. Work lamp;

11. Tools and tool box;
12. PLC auto grind controller (only for AHD series);
       
Optionals 
1. Balancing stand;
2. Flange;       

3. Parallel dresser;
4. 2-axis DRO;

5. Dust exhaust apparatus;
6. Closed guard of worktable;

7. Luxury splash board;
8. Magnetic separator;

9. Paper filter;
10. Magnetic separator and paper filter;

11. Diamond pen;
 

Features

1. AH: auto intermittent feed on transverse, hydraulic transmission on longitudinal, manual feed on vertical.

2. AHR: auto intermittent feed on transverse, hydraulic transmission on longitudinal, rapid feed on vertical.

3. AHD: auto intermittent feed on transverse, hydraulic transmission on longitudinal, wheel head auto down feed with servo motor to achieve rapid feed on vertical.

Surface grinding is used to produce a smooth finish on flat surfaces. It is a widely used abrasive machining process in which a spinning wheel covered in rough particles (grinding wheel) cuts chips of metallic or nonmetallic substance from a workpiece, making a face of it flat or smooth.

Process
Surface grinding is the most common of the grinding operations. It is a finishing process that uses a rotating abrasive wheel to smooth the flat surface of metallic or nonmetallic materials to give them a more refined look by removing the oxide layer and impurities on work piece surfaces. This will also attain a desired surface for a functional 
purpose.

The surface grinder is composed of an abrasive wheel, a workholding device known as a chuck, and a reciprocating or rotary table. The chuck holds the material in place while it is being worked on. It can do this one of two ways: ferromagnetic pieces are held in place by a magnetic chuck, while non-ferromagnetic and nonmetallic pieces are held in place by vacuum or mechanical means. A machine vise (made from ferromagnetic steel or cast iron) placed on the magnetic chuck can be used to hold non-ferromagnetic workpieces if only a magnetic chuck is available.

Factors to consider in surface grinding are the material of the grinding wheel and the material of the piece being worked on.

Typical workpiece materials include cast iron and mild steel. These two materials don't tend to clog the grinding wheel while being processed. Other materials are aluminum, stainless steel, brass and some plastics. When grinding at high temperatures, the material tends to become weakened and is more inclined to corrode. This can also result in a loss of magnetism in materials where this is applicable.

The grinding wheel is not limited to a cylindrical shape and can have a myriad of options that are useful in transferring different geometries to the object being worked on. Straight wheels can be dressed by the operator to produce custom geometries. When surface grinding an object, one must keep in mind that the shape of the wheel will be transferred to the material of the object like a reverse image.

Equipment
Surface Grinder with electromagnetic chuck, inset shows a Manual magnetic chuck

Surface Grinding machines
SG2550F AH AHR AHD Saddle Moving Surface Grinder/Surface grinder consists of an abrasive wheel, a chuck (a workpiece holding device), and a rotary table. The chuck is used to hold the material in place while the wheel and object are rotated to produce a smooth finish.

Surface Grinding machine/SG2550F AH AHR AHD Saddle Moving Surface Grinder, which has a head that is lowered to a work piece, which is moved back and forth under the grinding wheel on a table that typically has a controllable permanent magnet (magnetic chuck) for use with magnetic stock (especially ferrous stock) but can have a vacuum chuck or other fixture means. The most common surface grinders have a grinding wheel rotating on a horizontal axis cutting around the circumference of the grinding wheel. Rotary surface grinders, commonly known as "Blanchard" style grinders, have a grinding head which rotates the grinding wheel on a vertical axis cutting on the end face of the grinding wheel, while a table rotates the work piece in the opposite direction underneath. This type of machine removes large amounts of material and grinds flat surfaces with noted spiral grind marks. It can also be used to make and sharpen metal stamping die sets, flat shear blades, fixture bases or any flat and parallel surfaces. FORTUNE PACIFIC Surface Grinding machine/Surface grinders can be manually operated or have CNC controls.

A grinding machine, often shortened to grinder, is any of various power tools or machine tools used for grinding, which is a type of machining using an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each grain of abrasive on the wheel's surface cuts a small chip from the workpiece via shear deformation.

Grinding is used to finish workpieces that must show high surface quality (e.g., low surface roughness) and high accuracy of shape and dimension. As the accuracy in dimensions in grinding is of the order of 0.000025 mm, in most applications it tends to be a finishing operation and removes comparatively little metal, about 0.25 to 0.50 mm depth. However, there are some roughing applications in which grinding removes high volumes of metal quite rapidly. Thus, grinding is a diverse field.

Overview of grinding machine
The grinding machine consists of a bed with a fixture to guide and hold the work piece, and a power-driven grinding wheel spinning at the required speed. The speed is determined by the wheel’s diameter and manufacturer’s rating. The grinding head can travel across a fixed work piece, or the work piece can be moved while the grind head stays in a fixed position.

Fine control of the grinding head or table position is possible using a vernier calibrated hand wheel, or using the features of numerical controls.

Grinding machines remove material from the work piece by abrasion, which can generate substantial amounts of heat. To cool the work piece so that it does not overheat and go outside its tolerance, grinding machines incorporate a coolant. The coolant also benefits the machinist as the heat generated may cause burns. In high-precision grinding machines (most cylindrical and surface grinders), the final grinding stages are usually set up so that they remove about 200 nm (less than 1/10000 in) per pass - this generates so little heat that even with no coolant, the temperature rise is negligible.
Saddle Moving Surface Grinding Machine Equipments
1. Grinding wheel;
2. Grinding wheel flange;

3. Coolant tank;
4. Balancing arbor;
5. Electrical magnetic chuck;
6. Wheel extractor
;
7. Leveling wedge and bolt;
8. Wheel dresser stand;

9. Build in magnetic chuck controller;
10. Work lamp;

11. Tools and tool box;
12. PLC auto grind controller (only for AHD series);

Discover the ultimate precision with the SG2550F-AH/AHR/AHD Saddle Moving Surface Grinder, a top-tier toolroom grinder engineered for unmatched flatness and surface finish. This heavy-duty precision grinding machine features a robust cast iron construction, a hydraulically driven reciprocating table with variable speed control, and a precision cross-feed saddle movement system ensuring exceptional accuracy for mold & die work, precision machinery components, and aerospace parts. Key components include the rigid grinding spindle assembly, precision ground ways, coolant system, and user-friendly controls. Renowned for its reliability, efficiency in material removal, and ability to hold tight tolerances (microns level), this surface grinding equipment delivers superior results on hardened steel, alloys, and castings, making it indispensable for high-volume production grinding and demanding job shops seeking a durable, high-performance grinding solution. Find your productivity edge with this industry-leading saddle type surface grinder.
Опытные металлообработчики и инструментальщики выбирают плоскошлифовальный станок SG2550F-AH/AHR/AHD с подвижным столом для высокоточной обработки пресс-форм, штампов и ответственных деталей машин. Этот надежный консольно-шлифовальный станок (продольно-шлифовальный) отличается массивной станиной из чугуна, гидроприводом продольного перемещения стола с бесступенчатым регулированием скорости и точным поперечным салазочным перемещением (суппортом). Конструкция обеспечивает исключительную жесткость, виброустойчивость и точность шлифования (до микрон) благодаря прецизионным направляющим и мощному шпинделю шлифовальной бабки. Основные узлы: основание, стол, салазки, шлифбабка, система подачи СОЖ, электрооборудование. Ключевые преимущества: высокая производительность съема металла, надежность (долговечность), повторяемость результатов и простота эксплуатации. Станок идеален для финишной обработки закаленных сталей, твердых сплавов, получения идеальных плоских поверхностей в серийном производстве и ремонтных мастерских. Приобретите этот профессиональный шлифовальный станок по металлу для бескомпромиссного качества.
Maximice la precisión en su taller con la rectificadora de superficie con mesa móvil SG2550F-AH/AHR/AHD, una máquina robusta diseñada para el rectificado plano de alta precisión en moldes, matrices, componentes mecánicos exigentes y aplicaciones aeroespaciales. Esta rectificadora tangencial de puente móvil destaca por su construcción pesada en fundición, mesa longitudinal hidráulica con velocidad variable y un carro transversal (silla) de avance preciso que garantiza acabados superficiales excepcionales y tolerancias ajustadas (micras). Componentes esenciales: bancada maciza, mesa reciprocante, carro transversal, cabezal portamuelas con husillo de alta precisión, sistema de refrigeración y controles intuitivos. Sus ventajas clave incluyen: rigidez superior para evitar vibraciones, durabilidad comprobada en entornos industriales, alta eficiencia en el desbaste y acabado fino, y facilidad de operación. Ideal para el rectificado de aceros endurecidos, aleaciones y fundición, esta máquina rectificadora de superficies planas es la solución productiva y confiable para talleres de mecanizado y producción que buscan calidad constante y rendimiento óptimo en operaciones de rectificado pesado y fino. Consiga resultados superiores en rectificado de precisión.
Eleve a qualidade da usinagem com a Retificadora de Superfície com Mesa Móvel SG2550F-AH/AHR/AHD, uma máquina-ferramenta de alta precisão essencial para retificação plana de moldes, matrizes, componentes mecânicos de alta exigência e peças aeroespaciais. Esta retificadora de mesa reciprocante com avanço transversal de cavalete (sela móvel) possui construção robusta em ferro fundido, mesa longitudinal hidráulica com velocidade variável e sistema de avanço transversal preciso, garantindo acabamento superficial impecável e tolerâncias rigorosas (na casa dos mícrons). Principais componentes: base rígida, mesa longitudinal, cavalete transversal, cabeçote porta-rebolo com eixo de alta rotação e precisão, sistema de refrigeração e controles ergonômicos. Vantagens competitivas: rigidez excepcional para retificação pesada sem vibração, durabilidade incomparável, alta produtividade no remoção de material e acabamento fino, além de operação confiável. Perfeita para retificar aços temperados, ligas especiais e ferros fundidos, esta máquina de retificar superfície plana é a escolha profissional para oficinas de usinagem e produção em série que priorizam precisão dimensional, qualidade de superfície e retificação cilíndrica de mergulho eficiente. Garanta desempenho superior em retificação de precisão.
Tingkatkan presisi pengerjaan logam Anda dengan Mesin Gerinda Permukaan Meja Bergerak SG2550F-AH/AHR/AHD, solusi andal untuk grinding mold, dies, komponen mesin presisi, dan kebutuhan industri aerospace. Mesin gerinda rata (surface grinder) tipe sadel berpindah ini dikenal sebagai mesin gerinda presisi tangensial dengan konstruksi besi cor berat, meja bolak-balik hidrolik kecepatan variabel, dan gerakan sadel melintang (saddle traverse) yang sangat akurat, menjamin kehalusan permukaan dan toleransi ketat (tingkat mikron). Komponen utama: bed machine kokoh, meja gerak, sadel melintang, kepala gerinda (grinding head) dengan spindle presisi tinggi, sistem pendingin (coolant), dan panel kontrol. Keunggulan: kekakuan luar biasa untuk grinding keras tanpa getaran, keandalan tinggi (durabilitas), efisiensi penghilangan material, dan kemudahan pengoperasian. Ideal untuk menggerinda baja keras, paduan, dan besi cor, mesin alat (machine tool) ini adalah pilihan utama bengkel permesinan dan produksi massal yang memprioritaskan hasil grinding permukaan datar sempurna dan produktivitas tinggi dalam pekerjaan gerinda permukaan halus maupun berat. Dapatkan mesin gerinda datar berkualitas tinggi untuk hasil terbaik.
دستگاه سنگ زنی سطح میز متحرک SG2550F-AH/AHR/AHD را کشف کنید، یک دستگاه سنگ محکم و دقیق (دستگاه سنگ ابزار) ایده‌آل برای سنگ زنی قالب، قالب‌سازی، قطعات ماشین‌آلات دقیق و صنایع هوافضا. این دستگاه سنگ سطح (دستگاه سنگ تخت) با میز رفت و برگشتی هیدرولیک و سرعت متغیر، دارای ساختار چدنی سنگین و سیستم حرکت زین (ساژ) عرضی دقیق است که پرداخت سطح استثنایی و دقت ابعادی بالا (در حد میکرون) را تضمین می‌کند. اجزای کلیدی: بستر مقاوم، میز طولی، زین عرضی، هد سنگ با اسپیندل پرسرعت و دقیق، سیستم روان‌کار (روغن سنگ) و کنترل‌های کاربرپسند. مزایای اصلی: صلبیت فوق‌العاده برای سنگ‌زنی بدون لرزش، دوام و قابلیت اطمینان بالا، راندمان عالی در برداشت ماده و پرداخت نهایی، و عملکرد یکنواخت. این دستگاه سنگ زنی فلزات (سنگ فرز) برای سنگ زنی فولادهای سخت‌کاری شده، آلیاژها و چدن‌ها مناسب بوده و انتخاب حرفه‌ای برای کارگاه‌های تراشکاری و تولید انبوهی است که به سنگ زنی سطح صاف، دقت بالا و بهره‌وری در عملیات سنگ زنی سنگین و پرداخت نیاز دارند. دستگاه سنگ تخت دقیق و باکیفیت را برای بهترین نتایج سنگ‌زنی تهیه کنید.
Nâng cấp khả năng gia công kim loại với Máy mài phẳng bàn di động SG2550F-AH/AHR/AHD, giải pháp hàng đầu cho mài khuôn, dập, chi tiết máy chính xác và ứng dụng hàng không vũ trụ. Máy mài bề mặt loại bàn dao động (mài phẳng tang trục) này sở hữu kết cấu gang đúc chắc chắn, bàn máy chạy tới lui thủy lực tốc độ biến thiên và hệ thống chạy dao ngang bàn trượt (saddle) chính xác, đảm bảo độ nhẵn bề mặt hoàn hảo và dung sai siêu chặt (micromet). Các bộ phận chính: thân máy cứng vững, bàn dọc, bàn ngang, đầu mài trục chính tốc độ cao chính xác, hệ thống làm nguội (dầu tưới nguội) và hệ điều khiển. Ưu điểm vượt trội: độ cứng vững cao giúp mài tinh không rung, độ bền và tin cậy vượt trội, hiệu suất cắt gọt kim loại cao và vận hành ổn định. Lý tưởng để mài thép tôi, hợp kim cứng và gang, máy công cụ (máy gia công) này là lựa chọn tối ưu cho phân xưởng cơ khí và sản xuất hàng loạt cần mài phẳng chính xác, chất lượng bề mặt cao và năng suất trong gia công mài thô lẫn tinh. Sở hữu máy mài phẳng chính xác cao cho kết quả tối ưu.
เพิ่มความแม่นยำในการผลิตด้วย เครื่องกลึงผิวเรียบแบบโต๊ะเลื่อน SG2550F-AH/AHR/AHD เครื่องกลึงแข็งแรงระดับเครื่องมือ (เครื่องกลึงแม่นยำ) อันดับหนึ่งสำหรับงานกลึงแม่พิมพ์, งาน dies, ชิ้นส่วนเครื่องจักรกล และ อุตสาหกรรมการบิน เครื่องกลึงผิวเรียบ (surface grinder) แบบโต๊ะเลื่อนในแนวขวาง (saddle traverse) นี้มีโครงสร้างเหล็กหล่อหนา โต๊ะทำงานแบบไฮดรอลิกปรับความเร็วได้ และระบบเลื่อนโต๊ะแนวขวางที่แม่นยำ ช่วยให้ได้ผิวงานเรียบสมบูรณ์แบบ และความเผื่อพิกัดแน่นหนา (ระดับไมครอน) องค์ประกอบหลัก: ฐานเครื่องมั่นคง โต๊ะเดินหน้า-ถอยหลัง โต๊ะแนวขวาง หัวจับล้อกลึง (grinding head) พร้อมเพลาหมุนความเร็วสูง แม่นยำ ระบบหล่อเย็น (น้ำยาหล่อเย็น) และแผงควบคุม ข้อได้เปรียบ: ความแข็งแกร่งสูงป้องกันการสั่นสะเทือนขณะกลึงชิ้นงานหนัก ความทนทานและเชื่อถือได้สูง ประสิทธิภาพการกลึงเฉือนเนื้อโลหะสูง และใช้งานง่าย เหมาะสมสำหรับกลึงเหล็กชุบแข็ง โลหะผสม และเหล็กหล่อ เครื่องมือกล (machine tool) นี้คือตัวเลือกสำหรับโรงกลึงและสายผลิตที่ต้องการความเรียบของผิวชิ้นงาน ความแม่นยำสูง และผลผลิตในงานกลึงหยาบและกลึงละเอียด รับเครื่องกลึงผิวเรียบคุณภาพสูงเพื่อผลลัพธ์การกลึงที่ดีที่สุด.
Tingkatkan ketepatan pengilangan logam anda dengan Mesin Pengisar Permukaan Meja Bergerak SG2550F-AH/AHR/AHD, mesin pengisar alat (mesin pengisar ketepatan) unggul untuk mengisar acuan, die, komponen jentera tepat dan aplikasi aeroangkasa. Mesin pengisar permukaan rata jenis pelana bergerak (pengisar tangen) ini mempunyai struktur besi tuang berat, meja ulang-alik hidraulik kelajuan boleh laras dan sistem suapan melintang pelana yang tepat, menjamin kemasan permukaan unggul dan toleransi ketat (tahap mikron). Komponen utama: dasar mesin kukuh, meja membujur, pelana melintang, kepala pengisar (grinding head) dengan spindel berkelajuan tinggi dan tepat, sistem penyejuk (coolant) serta kawalan mesin. Kelebihan utama: kekukuhan hebat untuk pengisaran berat tanpa getaran, ketahanan dan kebolehpercayaan tinggi, kecekapan penyingkiran logam dan operasi konsisten. Sesuai untuk mengisar keluli terkeras, aloi dan besi tuang, mesin alat (machine tool) ini ialah pilihan terbaik bagi bengkel mesin dan pengeluaran besar-besaran yang mengutamakan pengisaran permukaan rata, ketepatan dimensi dan produktiviti dalam kerja-kerja pengisaran kasar dan licin. Dapatkan mesin pengisar permukaan berkualiti tinggi untuk hasil pengisaran terbaik.
Pahusayin ang katumpakan ng metalurhiya gamit ang SG2550F-AH/AHR/AHD Saddle Moving Surface Grinder, isang pangunahing machine tool para sa paggiling ng mold, die, de-kalidad na bahagi ng makina, at aplikasyon sa aerospace. Ang surface grinding machine na ito na may hydraulic reciprocating table na may variable speed at tumpak na cross-feed saddle movement system ay gawa sa heavy cast iron construction, tinitiyak ang pambihirang surface finish at mahigpit na tolerance (antas ng micron). Mga pangunahing bahagi: matibay na bed, longitudinal table, cross saddle, grinding head na may precision high-speed spindle, coolant system, at user controls. Pangunahing bentaha: napakataas na rigidity para sa matatag na paggiling, kahusayan sa pag-alis ng materyal, katatagan, at maaasahang pagganap. Perpekto para sa paggiling ng hardened steel, alloys, at cast iron, ang precision grinding machine na ito ay ang pinakamahusay na pagpipilian para sa mga machining workshop at mass production na nangangailangan ng mataas na kalidad ng surface grinding, katumpakan, at produktibidad sa parehong rough at finish grinding operations. Makakuha ng de-kalidad na surface grinder para sa pinakamahusay na resulta sa paggiling.
Metal işleme kalitenizi SG2550F-AH/AHR/AHD Saddle Moving Surface Grinder ile üst seviyeye taşıyın. Bu ağır hizmet tipi satıh taşlama tezgahı, kalıp, punta, hassas makine parçaları ve havacılık uygulamaları için ideal bir çözümdür. Güçlü döküm demir gövdesi, hidrolik salınımlı ve değişken hızlı tablası, hassas enine hareketli sürgü (saddle) sistemiyle bu hassas yüzey taşlama makinesi mükemmel yüzey kalitesi ve sıkı toleransları (mikron seviyesinde) garanti eder. Temel bileşenler: sert gövde, boyuna hareketli tablası, enine sürgü, yüksek hassasiyetli taşlama mili ünitesi, soğutma sistemi ve kullanıcı dostu kontroller. Başlıca avantajlar: titreşimsiz ağır taşlama için üstün rijitlik, yüksek malzeme kaldırma verimliliği, dayanıklılık ve güvenilir performans. Sertleştirilmiş çelik, alaşımlar ve dökme demir taşlama için ideal olan bu satıh taşlama tezgahı, hem kaba hem de finiş taşlama işlemlerinde yüksek yüzey kalitesi, hassasiyet ve verimlilik arayan atölyeler ve seri üretim için en iyi seçimdir. En iyi taşlama sonuçları için yüksek kaliteli bir satıh taşlama makinesi edinin.
اكتشف دقة فائقة مع آلة تجليخ السطوح المنزلقة SG2550F-AH/AHR/AHD، ماكينة تجليخ قوية (ماكينة تجليخ أدوات) مثالية لتجليخ القوالب، الاسطمبات، قطع الآلات الدقيقة وتطبيقات الطيران. تتميز هذه الفارة السطحية (ماكينة تجليخ سطحي) بنظام منزلق (سادل) متحرك، وهيكل من الحديد الزهر الثقيل، ومنضدة هيدروليكية متأرجحة بسرعة متغيرة، وحركة عرضية دقيقة تضمن تشطيب سطح استثنائي وسماحيات ضيقة (مستوى المايكرون). المكونات الرئيسية: قاعدة صلبة، منضدة طولية، منزلق عرضي، رأس التجليخ مع محور عالي السرعة والدقة، نظام تبريد (سائل تبريد)، ولوحة تحكم. المزايا الأساسية: صلابة عالية للتجليخ الثقيل دون اهتزاز، كفاءة عالية في إزالة المعدن، متانة وموثوقية فائقة، وأداء ثابت. مثالية لتجليخ الصلب المقوى، السبائك والحديد الزهر، هذه الماكينة الدقيقة (أداة آلية) هي الخيار الأمثل لورش التشغيل الآلي والإنتاج الكمي التي تبحث عن جودة سطح عالية، دقة، وإنتاجية في عمليات التجليخ الخشن والناعم. احصل على ماكينة تجليخ سطحي عالية الجودة لأفضل نتائج التجليخ.

Optionals 
1. Balancing stand;
2. Flange;       

3. Parallel dresser;
4. 2-axis DRO;

5. Dust exhaust apparatus;
6. Closed guard of worktable;

7. Luxury splash board;
8. Magnetic separator;

9. Paper filter;
10. Magnetic separator and paper filter;

11. Diamond pen;